Porous material having controlled voids and method of making the same

ABSTRACT

A porous material having controlled void dimensions and method of forming the same includes forming an aerogel precursor, the aerogel precursor including a matrix material and a liquid dispersion medium for dispersing the matrix material. A plurality of particles having preselected dimensions is dispersed in the aerogel precursor. The aerogel precursor with the particles dispersed therein is frozen so that the liquid dispersion is solidified. The aerogel precursor is freeze dried to sublime the dispersion medium and form the porous material.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/268,316 filed Jun. 11, 2009 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates generally to aerogels, and in particular to producing aerogels derived from a method including the use of particles, and aerogels having voids of controlled volume.

BACKGROUND

A gel by definition is a sponge like, three-dimensional solid network whose pores are filled with another substance, such as a liquid. The liquid of the gel is not able to diffuse freely from the gel structure and remains in the pores of the gel. But when the gel is subjected to a drying process, the liquid may be removed from the network, thereby leaving the solid network behind.

Drying the gel using conventional drying techniques results in formation of a xerogel. A xerogel is a solid formed from drying a gel with unhindered shrinkage. The associated shrinkage of the solid network associated with conventional drying techniques is caused by capillary forces acting on the pore walls as the liquid evaporates, and such shrinkage generally results in the destruction of the initial solid network. Xerogels are generally characterized as having a porosity of about 30% and in some embodiments, may have a specific surface area of about 500 m²/g.

By contrast, drying the gel using a supercritical drying or freeze drying process can yield an aerogel. An aerogel is a porous solid that is formed from a gel, in which the liquid that fills the pores of the solid has been replaced with a gas. Aerogels are generally produced by drying the gel either by a supercritical drying or by freeze drying. Shrinkage of the gel's solid network during drying is negligible or all-together prevented due much in part to the minimization of capillary forces acting on the network as the liquid is expended.

Aerogels are generally characterized as having high porosity (about 94-98%), and high specific surface area. Aerogels also possess relatively low densities, generally in the range of 0.004-0.5 g/cm³. Aerogels can possess excellent load bearing properties and insulation properties, and may be used as a catalyst or in connection with a catalytic process (e.g., as a catalyst support structure).

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The subject matter of the present application provides aerogels having decreased density and increased mechanical properties.

Numerous different articles can be prepared containing the aerogel material. The articles listed herein include, but are not limited to, small, free-flowing particles (typically, but not limited to, about 1 to about 3 inches in length, and of many different shapes) suitable for use as a packaging material which represents an alternative to expanded polystyrene particles commonly in use at the present time. Also included are single molded parts or forms suitable for packaging of electronic components and other items similar to and as a replacement for the polystyrene foam inserts which computers or other devices come packed in. Molded parts, organized bats or free-flowing particles suitable for thermal and/or acoustical insulation, including, but not limited to, housing (walls, attic, roofing structures, pipes and ductwork), vehicles such as sound deadening panels or foams, and aircraft and spacecraft exterior and interior insulation panels are able to be prepared. Articles suitable for providing barrier to gas or liquid permeation beyond that of a simple polymeric structure and can be used in a variety of packaging and storage devices are able to be prepared. Articles suitable for providing ballistic protection, suitable for use in individual body armor, as well has vehicular protection in land, water, or aeronautic forms of transportation can also be prepared. Additional articles include filters or products (pads, bats, and loose fills, etc.) used to absorb industrial, biological, chemical, agricultural wastes and other fluids. Other, low density polymeric structures in which the aerogel is present can be used to replace polymeric foams. Laminates including the aerogel are prepared in some embodiments.

In accordance with one aspect of the subject matter of the application, a method of forming an porous material having voids of controlled dimension includes: forming an aerogel precursor, the aerogel precursor including a matrix material and a liquid dispersion medium for dispersing the matrix material; dispersing a plurality of particles having preselected dimensions in the aerogel precursor; freezing the aerogel precursor with the particles dispersed therein so that the liquid dispersion is solidified; and freeze drying the aerogel precursor to sublime the dispersion medium and form the porous material.

According to one embodiment, the plurality of particles are hollow particles.

According to another embodiment, the hollow particles are buoyant with respect to water.

According to another embodiment, the plurality of particles are sacrificial particles that are sublimed in the step of freeze drying.

According to another embodiment, the plurality of particles are the solid form of the liquid dispersion medium.

According to another embodiment, the sacrificial particles are in solid form when the dispersion medium is in liquid form.

According to another embodiment, sublimation of the sacrificial particles creates voids of controlled dimension in the porous material thus formed.

According to another embodiment, the plurality of particles are a combination of hollow particles and sacrificial particles.

According to another embodiment, the plurality of particles are at least one of spherical shape, non-spherical shape, cubic shape, triangular shape, conical shape, or an irregular shape.

According to another embodiment, the plurality of particles are incorporated in an amount from about 0.5 to about 75 wt % based on the total weight of the aerogel precursor.

According to another embodiment, the plurality of particles are incorporated in an amount from about 2 to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the aerogel precursor.

According to another embodiment, the plurality of particles posses a lower density than the matrix material.

According to another embodiment, the method further includes increasing the viscosity of the aerogel precursor.

According to another embodiment, the plurality of particles are at least one of crystalline or amorphous.

According to one embodiment, freezing the aerogel precursor includes subjecting the aerogel precursor to a bath at a temperature ranging from about −1° C. to about −196° C. According to another embodiment, freezing the aerogel precursor includes subjecting the aerogel precursor to a bath at a temperature ranging from about −40° C. to about −196° C.

According to another embodiment, the matrix material includes a polymeric material.

According to another embodiment, the matrix material includes a clay material.

According to another embodiment, the method further includes the step of curing the formed porous material.

The foregoing and other features of the invention are hereinafter described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B are SEM photographs of a formed aerogel in accordance with the subject matter of the present application.

DESCRIPTION

Aerogels in accordance with the present application may be produced using various polymers, dispersions, clays, additives, fillers, fibers, etc. For example, aerogels in accordance with the present application may be polymer based. As such, an aerogel may be formed solely from one or more polymers in combination with a dispersion medium. In other embodiments, one or more clays, additives, fillers, fibers, etc the aerogel may be combined with the polymer and dispersion to form the aerogel.

As described herein, highly porous, aerogel like structures that include a three-dimensional, open-cell body may be formed using two-phase systems, including dispersions, emulsions, solutions, suspensions and latexes. A first phase, for example a polymer or polymer precursor, is dispersed, suspended or emulsified in a second phase, referred to herein as a dispersion medium, to form the two phase system, referred to herein as a dispersion. The dispersion is first subjected to freezing to solidify the dispersion medium, and then freeze dried to remove the bulk of the dispersion medium, leaving behind a solid, polymer containing skeleton of the dispersion. While these highly porous structures are not formed from a gel, the term “aerogel” as used herein includes these dispersion derived structures.

The polymer used in the aerogel may be one or more monomers, polymers, copolymers, or combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “polymer” may refer any of the described or similar monomers, polymers, copolymers, or combinations.

The polymer may include water soluble and/or non-water soluble polymers. Examples of water soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, natural polymers such as starches, plant gums, modified cellulosic and lignin materials, chitan, chitosan, pectin, and water soluble and dispersible proteins. Suitable starches comprise corn starch, potato starch, amaranth starch, arrowroot starch, banana starch, barley starch, cassava starch, millet starch, oat starch, rice starch, rye starch, sago starch, sorghum starch, sweet potato starch, wheat starch and yarn starch.

Water soluble polymers typically include polymers having one or more acidic groups per molecule, and those in which all of the acidic groups are combined as salts, or some of the acidic groups are combined as salts. The monomer system used for the preparing water soluble polymers typically includes any suitable combination of olefinically unsaturated monomers which is amenable to copolymerization, provided such a monomer system includes an acid-bearing comonomer(s) (preferably in sufficient concentration to render the resulting polymer fully or partially soluble in aqueous media), or a comonomer(s) bearing an acid-forming group which yields, or is subsequently convertible to, such an acid group (such as an anhydride, e.g. methacrylic anhydride or maleic anhydride, or an acid chloride) and also a comonomer(s) which imparts crosslinkability. Typically the acid-bearing comonomers are carboxyl-functional acrylic monomers or other ethylenically unsaturated carboxyl bearing monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid and fumaric acid. Sulphonic acid-bearing monomers could also e.g. be used, such as styrene p-sulphonic acid (or correspondingly styrene p-sulphonyl chloride). An acid bearing monomer could be polymerised as the free acid or as a salt, e.g. the NH₄ or alkali metal salts of ethylmethacrylate-2-sulphonic acid or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid, or the corresponding free acids. Other, non-acid functional non-crosslinking monomer(s) which may be copolymerized with the acid monomer(s) include acrylate and methacrylate esters and styrenes; also dienes such as 1,3-butadiene and isoprene, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, and vinyl alkanoates. Methacrylates include normal or branched alkyl esters of C1 to C12 alcohols and methacrylic acid, such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, and n-butyl methacrylate, and (typically C5 to C12) cycloalkyl methacrylates acid such as isobornyl methacrylate and cyclohexyl methacrylate. Acrylates include normal and branched alkyl esters of C1 to C12 alcohols and acrylic acid, such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and (typically C5-C12) cycloalkyl acrylates such as isobornyl acrylate and cyclohexylacrylate. Styrenes include styrene itself and the various substituted styrenes, such as α-methyl styrene and t-butyl styrene. Nitriles such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile may also be polymerised, as well as olefinically unsaturated halides such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and vinyl fluoride. Functional monomers which impart crosslinkability (crosslinking monomers for short) include epoxy (usually glycidyl) and hydroxyalkyl (typically C1-C12, e.g. hydroxyethyl)methacrylates and acrylates, as well as keto or aldehyde functional monomers such as acrolein, methacrolein and vinyl methyl ketone, the acetoacetoxy esters of hydroxyalkyl (typically C1-C12) acrylates and methacrylates such as acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate and acrylate, and also keto-containing amides such as diacetone acrylamide. The purpose of using such functional monomer is to provide subsequent crosslinkability in the resulting polymer system.

Water insoluble polymers that may be used to form the aerogel may include those derived from at least one emulsion polymerized hydrophobic polymer. The monomer system employed for the formation of the hydrophobic polymer may include, for example, non- acid functional monomers, and in particular styrenes, such as styrene itself, α-methylstyrene, o-, m- and p-methylstyrene, o-, m- and p-ethylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene and p-bromostyrene; normal and branched acrylic and methacrylic esters of alkanols (typically C1-C12) and cycloalkanols (typically C5-C12) such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, and cyclohexyl acrylate and the corresponding acrylates; vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate and vinyl alkanoates; vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride; vinylidene halides such as vinylidene chloride; dienes such as 1,3-butadiene and isoprene. A functional monomer(s) for imparting crosslinkability (which is not normally an acid monomer) may optionally be included, examples of which include hydroxy and epoxy functional (meth)acrylates such as hydroxyalkyl (typically C1-C12) methacrylate, e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, and the corresponding acrylates, as well as keto- and aldehyde-functional monomers such as acrolein, methacrolein, and methyl vinyl ketone, acetoacetoxy esters of hydroxyalkyl (typically C1-C12) acrylates and methacrylates such as acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate or methacrylate, and also keto or aldehyde-containing amides such as diacetone acrylamide.

Emulsifying agents that can be used for the emulsion polymerization of the water soluble polymer and/or water insoluble polymer are, for example, anionic and/or non-ionic emulsifiers. Anionic emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, alkylethoxylate sulfate and sulfonate, alkylphenolethoxylate sulfate and sulfonate, alkylsulfate and sulfonate, alkylethoxylate phosphates, alkylphenol ethoxylate phosphates, alkyl phosphates, alkylaryl sulfonates, sulfosuccinates, and mixtures thereof. Non-ionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, alkyl ethoxylates, ethylene oxide block copolymers, propylene oxide block copolymers, polyethylene oxide sorbitan fatty acid esters, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the amount of emulsifying agent used is between 0.3 to 2% by weight, based on the weight of the total amount of monomer. In another embodiment, the amount of emulsifying agent used is between 0.3 to 1% by weight.

The polymer may be combined and mixed with an aqueous dispersion medium so as to form a suspension, emulsion, dispersion or solution. The combination of the polymer and dispersion medium forms an aerogel precursor. In some embodiments, the aerogel precursor may also include one or more clays, additives, fillers, fibers, etc.

As used herein, the dispersion medium may be any suitable liquid compound or mixture of compounds that forms a crystalline phase structure when frozen and is sublimable. Examples of dispersion media include, but are not limited to, water, alcohols, such as tert-butanol, acid group containing solvents such as acetic acid, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, cyclohexane, benzene, ortho, meta, or para-xylene, or a combination thereof. The dispersion medium may be a solvent that dissolves the polymers, copolymers, monomers, or combination thereof. For example, non-water soluble polymers may be dissolved in a suitable solvent appropriate for the polymer with examples including, but not limited to, alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, acid group containing solvents such as formic acid and acetic acid, formamide, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexane, toluene, benzene, ethers such as diethyl ether, methylene chloride, or carbon tetrachloride, etc.

The polymer may be combined and/or mixed with the dispersion medium in an amount from about 1 to about 40 wt % of the total polymer/dispersion medium mixture. In one embodiment, the polymer is combined and/or mixed with the dispersion medium in an amount from about 0.5 to about 30 wt %. In another embodiment, the polymer is combined and/or mixed with the dispersion medium in an amount from about 1 to about 10 wt %. Higher concentrations of polymer in the solution will generally produce robust structures, but will reduce the porosity and provide for higher densities.

When forming the aerogel by a suspension or emulsion, the polymers form the structure of the aerogel via binding forces. But in some embodiments, it may be difficult to form high Tg materials or relatively rigid particles such as polystyrene and polyethylene into the aerogel structures due to limited interactions between particles. The interaction between the polymers may be manipulated and creation of the ice template structure may be aided by addition of a low Tg material, such as natural rubber latex or synthetic SBR type rubber emulsion are useful for creating the ice template structure, as the latexes or emulsions are capable of coalescing during the freezing process.

In some embodiments, the aerogel is free of clay. In other embodiments, the aerogel may include one or more clays that are mixed with the polymer and dispersion medium prior to freeze drying. Clay is generally defined as a material containing a hydrated silicate of an element such as aluminum, iron, magnesium, potassium, hydrated alumina, iron oxide, or the like. The silicate layers of such clays are negatively charged, and are separated by layers of positively charged ions, such as sodium, potassium and other elements. While not specifically required for the present invention, naturally-occurring clays can be altered via ion exchange processes, to, for example, replace sodium ions with quaternary ammonium ions and utilized in the present invention. Occasionally, the clay may contain impurities of other naturally occurring minerals and elements that can vary depending on the location where the clay is obtained. The clays of interest for the present invention can be used as mined, or can be purified by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art of clay product manufacture.

In one embodiment, the clays that may be utilized in the aerogel are capable of being exfoliated or subdivided into individual layers. In another embodiment, the clays that may be utilized in the aerogel are soluble or dispersible in solvents such as water to at least 1-5 wt %, Examples of suitable clays, include, but are not limited to, illite clays such as attapulgite, sepiolite, and allophone; smectite clays such as montmorillonite, bentonite, beidellite, nontronite, hectorite, saponite, and sauconite; kaolin clays such as kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, anauxite, and halloysite-endellite; and synthetic clays such as laponite and fluorohectorite.

When included, the clays may be present in an amount ranging from about 0.25 to about 10 wt % of the total weight of the polymer/dispersion medium/clay mixture. In one embodiment, the clays may be present in amount from about 0.25 to about 5 wt % of the total weight of the polymer/dispersion medium/clay mixture. In another embodiment, the clays may be present in amount from about 0.25 to about 2.5 wt % of the total weight of the polymer/dispersion medium/clay mixture.

U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2007/0208124 and 2008/0132632 are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety and are generally directed to clay aerogels. As disclosed therein, the aerogel may be formed from clay and one or more polymers such that the formed aerogel may include about 1 to about 99 wt % of clay. In another embodiment, the clay may be present in an amount from about 1 to about 30 wt %. In yet another embodiment, the clay may be present in an amount from about 1 to about 10 wt %. In an embodiment only including polymer and a clay in a dispersant medium, the weight ratio of polymer to clay may range from 1:99 to about 99:1.

In those embodiments that include a clay, a water-soluble salt may be included in the mixture prior to freeze drying. Examples of suitable water soluble salts include those comprising mono-, di-, or tri-valent cations, including, but not limited to, Na, K, Li, H, Ca, Mg, and Al; and mono-, di-, or tri-valent anions, including, but not limited to, Cl, F, Br, O, S, PO₄, SO₃, SO₄, acetate, or benzoate, or combinations thereof. These salts are may be present in an amount from about 0.05 to about 20 wt % of the aerogel on a dry basis, depending on the specific solubility of said salts.

Additives useful to modify the properties of the aerogel may also be included in the aerogel. For example, additives such as colorants (dyes, pigments), antistatic agents, chemical coupling agents, electrically conductive-fillers including, but not limited to, forms of conductive carbon and metal flakes/particles; and photoactive species including, but not limited to, rare earth ions, may each be incorporated into the aerogel structures. In one embodiment, the additives may be included in an amount less than about 1 wt % of the aerogel structure. In another embodiment, the additives may be included in an amount less than about 0.1 wt %.

Filler such as, but not limited to, non-smectic clays, talc, mica, fluoromica, glass fibers, carbon fibers, and carbon nanotubes may also be incorporated in an amount up to about 50 wt % of the aerogel or aerogel component on a dry basis. In one embodiment, the filler may be included in an amount less than about 10 wt % of the aerogel. The amount of filler will depend on the particular aerogel composition.

In some embodiments, hydrophobic filler or additive materials may be added to the aerogel precursor by combining the hydrophobic filler with a hydrophilic polymer. A hydrophobic filler is normally not dispersible in the dispersion medium alone. However, the hydrophilic polymer effectively entraps the hydrophobic material in the aerogel precursor which may then be freeze dried to form the aerogel containing both hydrophilic polymer as well as the entrapped hydrophobic material. Accordingly, in one embodiment, an aerogel precursor may be created comprising the dispersion medium, a hydrophilic polymer, and a hydrophobic filler or additive material. The amounts of hydrophilic polymer and hydrophobic material independently can range from about 2 to about 50 wt %, and in some embodiments, may range from about 2.5 to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the mixture. In one embodiment, for example, 2.5 wt % of boron nitride may be incorporated into a PVOH solution via blending to create a dispersion that can be freeze-dried to create a three dimensional aerogel. As a separate example, boron nitride may be incorporated and 5 wt %.

In one embodiment, the aerogel includes one or more same or different fibers. The fibers may serve as a reinforcing agent that improves the structural integrity of the aerogels, and in some embodiments, may serve as a wicking material and aid in the uptake of fluid to the aerogel.

Fibers are generally threads or thread-like structures in discreet elongated pieces. Suitable fibers include both natural fibers and synthetic fibers. Natural fibers are those produced by plants, animals, or geological processes. For example, plant fibers include, but are not limited to, cotton, hemp, jute, flax, ramie and sisal. Wood fibers derived from tree sources are also included within the scope of the present invention, including processed and unprocessed wood fibers. Animal fibers generally consist of proteins such as, but not limited to, spider silk, sinew, catgut, wool and hair such as cashmere, tunicate whiskers, mohair and angora. Mineral fibers are derived from naturally occurring minerals and include for example asbestos, woolastinite, attapulgite and halloysite. Synthetic fibers can be formed from natural or synthetic materials. Glass fibers are an example and can be made as a further example from natural raw materials such as quartz. Metal or metal oxide fibers are also suitable and can, for example, be drawn from ductile metals such as copper, gold or silver, and extruded or deposited from metals considered brittle such as nickel, aluminum or iron, for example. Carbon fibers are often based on carbonized polymers. Polymer fibers can be made from any suitable polymer including, but not limited to, polyamides, polyesters, polyolefins, polyethers, polyurethanes, polyalcohols, polyelectrolytes, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl chloride. Fibers also include coextruded fibers having two distinct polymers forming the fiber, such as a core-sheath fiber or side-by-side fiber. Fibers also can be coated if desired. For example, coated fibers exist such as nickel-coated fibers in order to prevent static elimination, silver-coated to provide anti-bacterial properties and aluminum-coated fibers. Industrial made fibers from natural materials include soy-based fibers known as SOYSILK®, and corn-based fibers such as INGEO®. In some embodiments, various fibers present in an aerogel component that is fired, such as some polymeric fibers, can carbonize and form an interpenetrating network of carbon fibers and ceramic structures.

Any suitable shape of fibers can be utilized. For example, the cross-sectional shape of the fibers may be one or a combination of a round, hollow, porous, oval, star, or trilobal shape. The fibers may be linear, curved, crimped, or the like and may be produced and/or utilized with or without added sizing agents or surface treatments. Furthermore, the amount of fibers and size of the fibers utilized depends upon the desired end properties of the aerogel. The fibers generally have a length ranging from about 1 μm to about 20 mm. In one embodiment, the fibers have a length from about 2 mm to about 10 mm. The fibers generally have a diameter ranging from about 20 nm to about 1 mm. In one embodiment, the fibers have a diameter from about 15 μm to 50 μm. The amount of fibers in the formed aerogel may range from about 2.5 to about 5000 parts based on 100 parts by weight of the polymer. In one embodiment, the amount of fibers in the formed aerogel may range from about 10 to about 100 parts by weight.

The aerogel may also be formed from bio-based matter, such as a plant-based matter. Plant-based matter includes, for example, seeds such as rice and corn, and fruit matter such as pectin. In other embodiments, animal-proteins may be utilized, such as casein. Suitable bio-based matter includes a water soluble portion such as a plant starch, plant protein, animal protein, or a combination of two or more such polymeric substances, as well as a water insoluble portion of the material, such as cellulose that is considered filler. In some embodiments, additional materials such as carbohydrates, polysaccharides, chitosan, alginate, and guar gum may be utilized.

The aerogels in accordance with the present application may be formed by subjecting an aerogel precursor (e.g., the mixture of polymer, dispersant medium, and/or one or more clays, fillers, additives, etc.) to at least one freeze-thaw process. The aerogel precursor is then subjected to a freeze drying procedure that causes the liquid component of the dispersion to be removed while leaving the solid structure of the aerogel intact.

Specifically, a polymer, copolymer, monomer, or combination thereof may be combined with a sufficient amount of a liquid dispersion medium to form an aerogel precursor. One or more of additives such as a clay, salt, additive, filler, or fiber may be combined and/or mixed with the polymer at any period of time prior to addition of the polymer to the dispersion medium, at a time subsequent the combination of the polymer and dispersion medium, or at both times. Hence, the precursor matrix may include a liquid dispersion medium and a matrix material that includes polymer and one or more of a clay, salt, additive, filler, or fiber.

In addition, one or more types of particles may be added to the aerogel precursor. The particles may be any suitable shape. Various embodiments include particle shapes that are spherical, non-spherical, cubic, triangular, conical, irregular, etc., or a combination thereof. Furthermore, the size of the particle may be any suitable size. The size of the particle will vary depending on the components of the aerogel precursor, the formed aerogel structure, and the desired use thereof. For example, the size of diameter of a particle may range from 1 μm to several millimeters.

In one embodiment, hollow particles are added to the aerogel precursor used to form the aerogels. The hollow particles may be buoyant particles, having overall densities of less than 1.0 g/cm³. Examples of such particles include, but are not limited to, hollow microspheres, hollow nanospheres or other hollow structures. In other embodiments, the hollow particles may be more similar to a porous material, having multiple void areas within the particle structure. Hence, the aerogel precursor and formed aerogel will include voids that are defined by the hollow particles. The particles may be made from any suitable material, such as glass, ceramic, etc.

Hollow particles can be incorporated in an amount from about 0.5 to about 75 wt % based on the total weight of the aerogel precursor. In another embodiment, hollow particles can be incorporated in an amount from about 2 to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the aerogel precursor. The aerogels formed from the aerogel precursors including the hollow particles have decreased density and increased mechanical properties. For example, Table 1 sets forth an example wherein hollow glass microspheres having a diameter of 20 μm (SL-25) and ceramic microspheres with a diameter of 100 μm (qk-100) were formed in the aerogel utilizing a polyamide-imide polymer (AI-30 Torlon® available from Solvay Advanced Polymers of Alpharetta, Ga.).

TABLE 1 Sample Modulus (kPa) Density (g/cm³) 10 wt % AI-30 14,300 ± 1,500 0.174 ± 0.003 10 wt % AI-30 13,700 ± 2,500 0.158 ± 0.002  5 wt % SL-25 10 wt % AI-30 17,300 ± 100   0.202 ± 0.001  5 wt % qk100

Because the hollow particles include a void space, less material is required to be sublimed during the freeze drying process, thereby decreasing the amount of energy required for processing.

In another embodiment, sacrificial particles are added to the aerogel precursor used to form the aerogels. The sacrificial particles may be any suitable particles that may be in solid form during processing of the aerogel precursor, and may be sublimed from the aerogel precursor during freeze drying. When removed, the sacrificial particles create voids due to the lack of presence of the polymer, clay or other aerogel forming compositions in the sacrificial particles. That is, the size and shape of the void may be defined by the size and shape of the sacrificial particle. Because the sacrificial particles are sublimed during the freeze drying process, the need to perform a secondary processing step of removing the sacrificial particles can be eliminated.

The sacrificial particles materials may be crystalline, amorphous, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the sacrificial particles are a different composition than the dispersion medium, so long as the different composition remains solid above the freezing point of the dispersion medium and can undergo sublimation at the processing conditions. In another embodiment, the sacrificial particles are the same composition as the composition of the liquid dispersion medium, but in solid form. For example, the aerogel precursor may include sacrificial particles of ice dispersed in the water dispersion medium.

Similar to the hollow particles, the sacrificial particles can be incorporated in an amount from about 0.5 to about 75 wt % based on the total weight of the aerogel precursor. In another embodiment, hollow particles can be incorporated in an amount from about 2 to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the aerogel precursor.

Of course, in some embodiment, both hollow and sacrificial particles may be combined and added to a given aerogel precursor.

The aerogel precursor is mixed for a period of time generally until the polymer is sufficiently suspended or dissolved in the dispersion medium. Mixing may be performed by any suitable means, such as blending and shearing, for any suitable period of time until desired suspension is achieved. For example, the duration of the mixing process may range from about 1 minute to about 120 minutes, and the mixing process may yields a homogeneous or substantially homogenous mixture. In one embodiment, the dispersion medium may be heated to increase solubility of the polymer and/or additives.

The incorporation of the particles into the aerogel precursor may introduce some challenges in dispersing the hollow particles, as the buoyancy causes the particles to float in the dispersion medium. But these challenges may be addressed by increasing the viscosity of the aerogel precursor (or dispersion medium) prior to forming the aerogel material or by increasing the freeze rate, such that the particles do not travel appreciably before being trapped by the ice, or a combination thereof. The particles need only to be dispersed for a time until the dispersion medium is frozen.

The aerogel precursor may be poured or otherwise transferred into any desired structure that serves as a mold. Although in some embodiments the aerogel precursor may be mixed in the mold.

The aerogel precursor is subsequently frozen, for example in a solid carbon dioxide and ethanol bath. In another embodiment, the gel is frozen utilizing liquid nitrogen, although the liquid nitrogen does not contact the mixture. More specifically, the liquid dispersion medium is frozen (or solidified) and forms a crystalline phase when frozen. In one embodiment, the aerogel precursor is subjected to temperatures within the range of about −1° C. to about −196° C. In another embodiment, the aerogel precursor is subjected to temperatures within the range of about −40° C. to about −196° C. In yet another embodiment, the aerogel precursor is subjected to temperatures within the range of about −60° C. to about −100° C. In one embodiment, the aerogel precursor is subjected to temperatures of about −60° C. In another embodiment, the aerogel precursor is subject to temperatures of about −10° C.

In general, crystal growth of the dispersion medium will contribute to the formation of the aerogel structure. As discussed herein, such process is also referred to as a cryostructuring process. When the precursor matrix including dissolved polymer and dispersed particles is frozen, the dissolved polymer and dispersed particles will be excluded from the growing crystals. Hence, the layered structure formed by the crystal growth will include the particles distributed on the surface thereof. FIGS. 1A and 1B are SEM photographs of a formed aerogel illustrating an exemplary layered structure having 6 μm spheres 10 distributed on the surface of the layers 20. The polymer and dispersed particles may interact with one another and thereby form the aerogel structure. In those embodiments where only a polymer and the particles are included in the dispersion medium, the binding forces of the polymer will maintain the formed structure. In those embodiments where a clay, filler, additive, fiber, etc. are also included, the polymer will act as a binder for the included components. Although, the clay may also possess binding capabilities.

Subsequently, the gel is dried under vacuum (i.e., freeze-dried) and the dispersion medium is sublimed. The formed aerogel may then be removed from the mold. As described above, in those embodiments where the particle is a sacrificial particle, the sacrificial particle also sublimed during the freeze drying. For purposes of sublimation, the sacrificial particle may have a critical temperature that is the same or that is different than the dispersion medium, so long as the sacrificial particle may be sublimed at the temperature at which freeze drying occurs.

As an example, sacrificial particles, namely frozen water in the form of crushed ice particles was dispersed in the aerogel precursor comprising chilled water, polymer and filler. The aerogel precursor dispersion was mixed and subsequently frozen, and freeze then dried to sublime both the sacrificial particles and the water utilized as the dispersion medium. Aerogels were formed having voids sized to the sacrificial particles formerly present. In a further example, p-xylene crystals were dispersed in an aerogel precursor comprising chilled water, polymer and filler. The aerogel precursor dispersion was mixed and subsequently frozen, and then freeze dried to sublime both the sacrificial particles and the water utilized as the dispersion medium. In a further example, ice cubes were crushed in a blender and a solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) was added and then frozen in a solid carbon dioxide and ethanol bath. When freeze dried, the formed aerogel structure resembled that of a foamed polymer having spherical voids.

The aerogel may optionally be oven cured while under vacuum, either prior to or subsequent to the aerogel being removed from the mold. In the curing process, the aerogels are generally heated to a temperature ranging from about 150° C. to about 1200° C. for any suitable period of time. In embodiments where the aerogel includes a clay, the curing process may yield a ceramic-like aerogel structure. The cured aerogel structures remain low density, are mechanically resilient, easily handled, and stable to high temperatures of use. However, the cured aerogel may possess dimensions that are slightly smaller and densities which are generally higher when compared to the uncured aerogel.

Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain embodiment or embodiments, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described elements (components, assemblies, devices, compositions, etc.), the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such elements are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any element which performs the specified function of the described element (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary embodiment or embodiments of the invention. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been described above with respect to only one or more of several illustrated embodiments, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other embodiments, as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. 

1. A method of forming an porous material having voids of controlled dimension, including: forming an aerogel precursor, the aerogel precursor including a matrix material and a liquid dispersion medium for dispersing the matrix material; dispersing a plurality of particles having preselected dimensions in the aerogel precursor; freezing the aerogel precursor with the particles dispersed therein so that the liquid dispersion is solidified; and freeze drying the aerogel precursor to sublime the dispersion medium and form the porous material.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of particles are hollow particles.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the hollow particles are buoyant with respect to water.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of particles are sacrificial particles that are sublimed in the step of freeze drying.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the plurality of particles are the solid form of the liquid dispersion medium.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the sacrificial particles are in solid form when the dispersion medium is in liquid form.
 7. The method of any of claims 4-6, wherein sublimation of the sacrificial particles creates voids of controlled dimension in the porous material thus formed.
 8. The method of any of claims 1-7, wherein the plurality of particles are a combination of hollow particles and sacrificial particles.
 9. The method of any of claims 1-8, wherein the plurality of particles are at least one of spherical shape, non-spherical shape, cubic shape, triangular shape, conical shape, or an irregular shape.
 10. The method of any of claims 1-9, wherein the plurality of particles are incorporated in an amount from about 0.5 to about 75 wt % based on the total weight of the aerogel precursor.
 11. The method of any of claims 1-10, wherein the plurality of particles are incorporated in an amount from about 2 to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the aerogel precursor.
 12. The method of any of claims 1-11, wherein the plurality of particles posses a lower density than the matrix material.
 13. The method of any of claims 1-12, further including increasing the viscosity of the aerogel precursor.
 14. The method of any of claims 1-13, wherein the plurality of particles are at least one of crystalline or amorphous.
 15. The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein freezing the aerogel precursor includes subjecting the aerogel precursor to a bath at a temperature ranging from about −1° C. to about −196° C.
 16. The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein freezing the aerogel precursor includes subjecting the aerogel precursor to a bath at a temperature ranging from about −40° C. to about −196° C.
 17. The method of any of claims 1-16, wherein the matrix material includes a polymeric material.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the matrix material includes a clay material.
 19. The method of any of claims 1-18, further including the step of curing the formed porous material. 